Cancer and Reproducibility of Decisions

Cancer and Reproducibility of Decisions Ur ologic ca n cer : W h a t a bo u t re p r odu c ib i l i ty of d ec i s ion m a de a t m ultidi sci plin a r y t e a m m a n a g e m e nt? BAYOUD Y, LOOCK PY, MENARD J, MESSAOUDI R, RIPERT T, PIERREVELCIN J, KOZAL S, LEON P, KAMDOUM M, CHOLET I, LARRE S . Â   Abstract: I nt r odu c t i on : The prostate cancer (PCa) treatment is multimodal. Thus multidisciplinary team management (MDTM) decision-making process appears as a tool to answer all aspects of PCa. To evaluate the reproducibility of therapeutic decisions made at MDTM. M a t erials a n d M e thod s : We compared therapeutic decisions of PCa by presenting the same file of patient under a fake identity after 6 to 12 months from the first presentation. Forty-nine files of radical prostatectomy (RP) (28 pT2, 21 pT3) performed for clinical localized PCa were represented at MDTM which included urologist, oncologist, pathologist and radiologist. Analysis of therapeutic decisions comprised criteria as: TNM stage, Gleason score, margin status and comorbidities. The reproducibility was assessed statistically by Kappa coefficient. R es u l t s: Forty-nine file of radical prostatectomy (RP). The mean age was similar in both groups. The mean PSA was 8,32 ng/ ml (3,56-19,5) in pT2 group and 9.4ng/ml (3,8-22) in pT3 group. The margin status was positive in 25% and 47,6% respectively in pT2 and pT3 group. Decision made for pT2 group were the same in 100% case (k=1). In the group of pT3 (n=21), 33% of decision were different at second MDTM, especially for pT3b with only 29% reproducible decision (k= 0,1). Concerning pT3a, 86% of decision were reproducible (k= 0,74). Con cl u s i on : We showed a reliability and reproducibility of decision made at MDTM when guidelines are well defined. The therapeutic attitudes were less reproducible in locally advanced PCa but decision concerning those cases should be made in the setting of guidelines. K e y w o r d s : Cancer, Kappa coefficient, Prostate , multidisciplinary, Reproducibility. INTRODUCTION: The prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequent cancer in men as well in Europe and USA (1). The PCa counts for 11% of all men cancers and it’s responsible for 9% of the mortality by cancer in men in Europe. In France in 2010, the incidence of PCa was 71577 cases and the related mortality of PCa at the same year was 8791 deaths which represent a 2.5% less mortality per year during last years (2). The multidisciplinary team management becomes an obligation for all oncologic fields as mentioned by the French government law: cancer program 2003-2007, this program stipulate that each new patient should benefit from MDTM decision-making process, organize the setting of MDTM and also gives tools to develop trials of research for a new diagnosis and therapeutic arsenal (3). Some urologists express some doubt about the interest of MDTM because of it’s a new burden without assigned budget while others see in the MDTM an equalit y of chance of patients, and possibility to include patients in trials and protocols. Number of European study showed the interest of MDTM and its beneficial impact on survival (4, 5). The efficiency of decisions made at MDTM is obvious but the evidence about their reproducibility remains doubtful. Through patients underwent a radical prostatectomy (RP) for localized prostate cancer (PCa) and represented identically, we evaluated a reproducibility of decision made at MDTM.

Weekly Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Weekly Discussion - Essay Example In this regard, the reason why Klein and Zeljka have to respond to the counter-arguments posed to the original study was to further make the issue clear. Klein published the article I Was Wrong, and So Are You in The Atlantic, and objected to publishing in The Wall Street Journal. This can be considered as a deliberate attempt of ensuring that the information is tailored to the appropriate audience. In doing this, Klein must have been aware that The Atlantic and The Wall Street Journal command different audience. It is widely argued that The Wall Street Journal is most read by policy makers, including the politicians. On the other hand, The Atlantic is read by the general public, which may not necessarily counter as policy makers, but inform the decision making process. These include parents, students and businessmen. In my view, the reason why information as well as the media should be changed is to assure information objectivity. This is in reference to the fact that people have different points of view and interest. This means that for the objectives of the information to be realized, adjustments for inclusivity should be

Reviews and reaction on a film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reviews and reaction on a film - Essay Example ocumentary’s primary focus is Sally Mann; however, the documentary takes the viewer through Mann’s personal life with her children, husband, mother, and friends. In effect, the documentary reveals Mann’s personality to the viewer, which makes the viewer understand her photography work. The documentary provides the viewer with an understanding of the factors behind the personal nature of Mann’s photographs. In this case, her preoccupation and strong relationship with her family are instrumental in Mann’s photography since some of work may appear provocative, which underlines her open-mindedness. As earlier indicated, Mann uses old equipment in the contemporary technological era. In this regard, her large format camera requires exposure times of a number of minutes before use. In effect, this shows her patience and calmness, which provides her with the impulse to capture beautiful photographs. In addition, Mann produces her photos in a fragile and old process that makes her lose some photographs in the process. In this case, this is a depiction of a strong sense of idiosyncrasy, which implies her remarkable willingness to pursue unconventional ideas. In conclusion, the documentary depicts Mann as a remarkable individual intent on pursuing her goals. Although she uses old procedures and equipment, Mann’s work is humbling to photographers and all artists since she exploits the flaws of old procedures to produce unintended patterns that enhance her concept and aesthetic values in

The Business Life Of Ancient Athens :: essays research papers

The Business Life of Ancient Athens   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Business Life of Ancient Athens is an informative book about different aspects of Ancient businesses and Ancient ways of dealing with money. This book first starts out by explaining the agricultural aspects of Ancient Athens. Agriculture was not well for Athens, so they had to trade a lot. It is recorded as early as the 6th century BC that grain was a very big part of an average Athenian's diet. Therefore; much grain trade was necessary because Greece land was very bad for agricultural purposes. Athens had grown industrially and commercially within time, and this was also a problem: overpopulation. Also, many Spartan tribes over and over attacked Greece and destroyed any crops that might grow in the soil. Peasants were also sent to work at farms but they lost care in their farms and found it better to live in the city, living off small amounts of money that came from doing state services. During this time, many people learned ways of math because they needed to know how much grain is needed per person. Although these calculations are not totally accurate, they are a start in banking and maybe even other ways of mathematics. The Peloponnesian War also occurred- leaving Greece(Attica) with nothing. Attica was forced by famine to go under Peloponnesian rule. By now, trade had come in an uproar. Many people had found it easy to trade by sea. So many merchants with not enough money would borrow money from rich people and then buy cargo space on a ship. In most cases the merchant went on the ship to get the goods to sell. Then on returning, the merchant would sell the goods, and then pay off the lender, with a 22.5 percent interest rate. In many cases, problems occurred, sometimes a merchant returned late, could not pay all of the money back, or something or other. Therefore the idea of a collateral was invented. Also, courts were established to rule these sorts of fights amongst the people. These courts weren't used in the winter because of stormy weather and so not to interrupt commercial business. Courts were required to solve a case within 30 days, this procedure only applies to cases where and actual legal documented agreement was made between the lender and the merchant. Many merchants did not return, therefore the collateral was the lender's to keep. But often the merchant didn't have anything good to start with so many lenders lost money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, the book talked about Banking and Bankers. Early banking dates back all the way to Sumer and Akkad where many specialized in weighing things The Business Life Of Ancient Athens :: essays research papers The Business Life of Ancient Athens   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Business Life of Ancient Athens is an informative book about different aspects of Ancient businesses and Ancient ways of dealing with money. This book first starts out by explaining the agricultural aspects of Ancient Athens. Agriculture was not well for Athens, so they had to trade a lot. It is recorded as early as the 6th century BC that grain was a very big part of an average Athenian's diet. Therefore; much grain trade was necessary because Greece land was very bad for agricultural purposes. Athens had grown industrially and commercially within time, and this was also a problem: overpopulation. Also, many Spartan tribes over and over attacked Greece and destroyed any crops that might grow in the soil. Peasants were also sent to work at farms but they lost care in their farms and found it better to live in the city, living off small amounts of money that came from doing state services. During this time, many people learned ways of math because they needed to know how much grain is needed per person. Although these calculations are not totally accurate, they are a start in banking and maybe even other ways of mathematics. The Peloponnesian War also occurred- leaving Greece(Attica) with nothing. Attica was forced by famine to go under Peloponnesian rule. By now, trade had come in an uproar. Many people had found it easy to trade by sea. So many merchants with not enough money would borrow money from rich people and then buy cargo space on a ship. In most cases the merchant went on the ship to get the goods to sell. Then on returning, the merchant would sell the goods, and then pay off the lender, with a 22.5 percent interest rate. In many cases, problems occurred, sometimes a merchant returned late, could not pay all of the money back, or something or other. Therefore the idea of a collateral was invented. Also, courts were established to rule these sorts of fights amongst the people. These courts weren't used in the winter because of stormy weather and so not to interrupt commercial business. Courts were required to solve a case within 30 days, this procedure only applies to cases where and actual legal documented agreement was made between the lender and the merchant. Many merchants did not return, therefore the collateral was the lender's to keep. But often the merchant didn't have anything good to start with so many lenders lost money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, the book talked about Banking and Bankers. Early banking dates back all the way to Sumer and Akkad where many specialized in weighing things

Disease trends of the delivery healthcare systems Essay

Advances in global health and science have assisted the disease trends. It has become a never ending mission to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease as well as injury and disability. There have been noted demographic changes in the past 50 years that have resulted from changing trends in child, maternal, and adult death rates (CDC, 2011). Among these are rises in obesity and aging. As these health concerns continue to climb we will have a greater impact on the delivery of services from health care. The importance of these trends assists in prevention and protecting one’s self from new diseases and illnesses as well as old ones. One of the noted trends in healthcare is aging. Focusing on the world’s age composition is one way to understand the impacts and changes in further years to come. According to the US Census Bureau (2013), the elderly population age 65 and older during the twentieth century composed one in every twenty five individuals. In the twenty first century, this same population composed one in every 8 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2013). This showed that the life expectancy of humans has become longer. According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2013), the population in the United States in the year of 2010 was 308.7 million. This indicated a near 10 percent increase over the past ten years. This same 2010 census showed that the elderly population composed 13 percent as opposed to only being 9 percent in the year of 2000. The notable change was determined that there were fewer people in the 65-75 age range but there were more individuals in the 75-85 age ranges. It proved that there were more increasingly elderly individuals reaching into their seventies and even eighties. This increase in age showed that life expectancy and advances in medicine have contributed to individuals living longer lives. This would indicate that as long as medicines and healthcare continued to advance, so would the elderly population in growth. Environmental factors directly contribute to population growth. For one, as the population continues to grow in size, the  natural resources and undeveloped land becomes utilized to accommodate this expansion. Clearing the land and making it more desirable offers more room to continue additions in the population. This in turn offers an increase in the resources that can be utilized for healthcare and science in the creation of vaccines and medications. This increased development has also led to the finding of new resources such as unknown species of plants and animals. These newer found resources can be tested to see if they offer any properties in the expansion of healthcare and medications. The Medical Plant Consortium (2013) states, â€Å"Our major goal in this project has been to capture blue prints of medicinal plants for the advancement of drug discovery and development.† The medical plant consortium further adds well known medicines such as digoxin used for cardiac muscle stimulation comes from the fox glove plant and some of the chemotherapy medications such as vinchristine come from the periwinkle plant. Another noted environmental factor is that the population density has grown over the years. In addition to the population growth, land clearing has been increasing for the purpose of crops farmed for human consumption. The combination of needed developed land for farm crops and the growing population has only contributed to more land being cleared for further discoveries. Some of the changing demographics have been an increase in the population density. Over the years due to advancements in medications and healthcare improving the human life expectancy, th ere is an indicated increase of individuals per square mile than years prior. This is due to the slow development of land but also human life expectancy increasing. January 2011 ushered in the first of approximately 77 million baby boomers born from 1946 through 1964 and surging towards the gates of retirement. Each year 3.5 baby boomers turn 55.† This increase indicates that by 2030 there will be more than twice in the elderly population that in the year 2000 (Transgenerational, 2009). The aging trend is likely to experience an increase in the health issues of today. As we live longer there is more wear and tear to our bodies that developed the need for further medical assistance. As we age our blood vessels and arteries become stiffer causing the heart to have to work harder to function. The longer the heart has to function under this strain, the more likely complications will occur. These factors are directly linked to high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases. In addition with aging,  ones bones tend to lose bone mass. This not only weakens t hem increasing the risk for fracture but effects muscle function. Over time muscles lose flexibility and strength. These factors contribute to arthritis. According to the CDC (2013), one of ever two persons will knee arthritis and one in every four will develop hip arthritis. This clearly supports that disease and illness will become more likely as we age. In order to reduce health related problems in aging one should remain fit and incorporate an exercise regimen into their daily life. In addition eating a healthy diet, not smoking, managing stress and taking a daily supplement can help prolong age related diseases (CDC, 2013). Currently the obesity rate in the United States is nearly two of every three persons (Surgeon general, 2009). Research has shown that the united states have the highest population of obesity. A report done from July 2013 shown that the united stated passed the obesity rates of Mexico (Medical News Today, 2013). The U.S. obesity rate has grown from 13 percent in 1960 to 32 percent in 2004 (surgeon general, 2009). References: 1- Centers of Disease Control (CDC), 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/distrnds.html 2- Department of Health and Human services, 2012. http://www.aoa.gov/AoARoot/Aging_Statistics/index.aspx 3- U.S. Census Bureau, 2013. http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/statbriefs/agebrief.html 4- U.S. Census Bureau, 2011. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-03.pdf 5- PHYS.org, 2013. http://phys.org/news/2011-12-medicinal-benefits.html 6- Transgenerational- design matters, 2009. http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm 7- Mayo clinic, 2013. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/aging/HA00040 8- Surgeon general, 2009. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/news/testimony/obesity07162003.html 9- Medical News Today, 2013. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/265556.php

Reasons For Creating The Articles Of Confederation

Abby King Mid term 1 1. Explain the reason for creating the Articles of Confederation? What events lead up to the Articles? How did Shay’s Rebellion alter the Articles of Confederation? The Articles of Confederation were created as a form of nation government for the United States after they separated from Great Britain (Articles). There were several plans that came before the Articles of Confederations. â€Å"The Albany Plan an earlier, pre-independence attempt at joining the colonies into a larger union, had failed in part because the individual colonies were concerned about losing power to another central institution† (Articles). Shay’s Rebellion was critical to the nation because it let them to rethink the government system they had in place. The Articles of Confederation left the government with limited access to taxing, executive, commerce, amendments and domestic order. They were not able to tax, so they had to beg the states to help pay for things like war. They had to get al l thirteen states in agreement before they were allowed to do anything. This left the central government weak (Lenz 33). 2. Explain the Federalist and Anti-Federalist view of the Bill of Rights. Be sure to include how the Federalist Papers’ authors influenced the creation of the Constitution. Coming from two different standpoints the Federalist and the Anti-Federalist disagreed with each other. The Federalist warned against adding the Bill of Rights. Their reasoning for the warning was thatShow MoreRelatedGoverning the Nation771 Words   |  4 Pagesembody what he felt was rational. In this essay, Governing the Nation I will deliver my perception on Edward Randolph philosophical ideals embodied by the Declaration of Independence, the comparisons and variances of both concepts in the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution and how each of the ideas respectively affected Edward’s assigned role. I will choose one major disagreement for the ratification of the Constitution that Edward Randolph supported and will choose one major disagreementRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And T he Constitution1461 Words   |  6 PagesJesse Ghuman Jason Stratton US History B17 11/15/2015 The Articles of Confederation The first approved document of the United States was the Articles of Confederation. However, after a few years, the Bill of Rights replaced the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. The Articles began the Constitution but the articles had contained a lot of weaknesses so they had to create a new document. Few of the Article of Confederation goals were to bring the states together and establish a strongRead MoreHistorical Essay #1: Confederation and Constitution1160 Words   |  5 PagesHistorical Essay #1: Confederation and Constitution Anthony Snow DeVry University 08/01/2015 HISTORICAL ESSAY #1: CONFEDERATION AND CONSTITUTION As with anything in this world there are always strengths and weaknesses when people are comparing two different items, as no one item can be a perfect solution; there are always compromises. The same happens when we are comparing the Articles of Confederation and the New Constitution of 1787. Both of theses two solutions each have their own strengthsRead MoreContributors to our Successful Government Essay853 Words   |  4 Pagescontributors to our government. Many of the top contributors include; The Articles of Confederation, Thomas Paines Common Sense, Early State Constitutions, The Annapolis convention, And Thomas Jeffersons Declaration of independence ( the Preamble). In 1754, during the Revolutionary War the Continental congress created the Articles of Confederations, as a format for a United Government. The Articles of Confederation linked the 13 states together to deal with common problems, but in practiceRead MoreThe Federalists And The Constitution Essay1301 Words   |  6 Pagessignificance of each section and how the power is distributed between the Central Government. The Federalists had to create the Constitution in order for the weakness of the Article Of Confederation to never occur again. The Federalist Papers is a treatise on free government in peace and security. As described by the article, FEDERALIST PAPERS, â€Å"These are a series of eighty-five letters written to newspapers in 1787-1788 by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, urging ratification of theRead MoreThe Federalists Believed That Central Government Should Be Kept At A Distance From The American People1283 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment involvement should be kept at a distance from the American people. They were also dissatisfied with the Articles of Confederation. They wanted a republican form of government and their most vocal supporters included people such as Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay who wrote the Federalists papers in 1787 and 1788. The Federalists believed that the Articles of Confederation should be replaced with a Constitution that would allow the central government more power. 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While the Articles of Confederation helped establish a systemic role in trying to unify many of the states under a weak central government, it later created many more problems than solutions. One of them being that Congress had no ability to propose taxes to deal with war debts and running the government. Another weaknessRead MoreConstitution Paper1210 Words   |  5 PagesRevolution, citizens of the United States were free of British rule, but found themselves in need of a government to keep peace and prosperity among the different states. The Articles of Co nfederation was finally put into place in 1777 that was intended to do just that. However, not all states agreed with the Articles of Confederation. At that time, each state counted for one vote regardless of size, which was fine for smaller states, but the larger ones felt that their votes should have more say in mattersRead MoreStruggles of Emerging America879 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Washington once said, â€Å"Government is not reason; it is not eloquent; it is force. Like fire, it is a dangerous servant and fearful master,† (â€Å"George Washington Quotes†). This is true, government is not reason, since no one actually knows what is â€Å"right† versus what is â€Å"wrong,† it is just a matter of opinion. The government holding the power of so many lives can be dangerous; the government is definitely a force. This force is made of ideas that make up the government power in nations, including

The Debate On Global Climate Change - 1605 Words

The debate on global climate change argues that human-generated greenhouse gas emissions are too small to substantially change the earth’s climate and that the planet is capable of absorbing those increases. It is contended that warming over the 20th century resulted primarily from natural processes such as fluctuations in the sun s heat and ocean currents. But the theory of human-caused global climate change is based on questionable measurements, faulty climate models, and misleading science. In the first half of twentieth century it was found that the human influenced the daily cold extremes followed by warm nights. Through the global optimal fingerprinting analysis performed by Christidis et al., concluded that there was anthropogenic influence in regional distributions which lead to the extreme warmer days which were expected to become more severe. According to Leopoldian rationale, geoengineering gives an opportunity to eradicate the problem of global warming or at least a solution for the problem. The increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which in fact leads to gain in crop yields which are likely to be offset by damage to plants from higher temperatures, faster drying soils, lower rainfall leading to extreme droughts and floods. The high levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere lead to changes like increased rainfall which lasts for decades. Is Human Activity Responsible for Global Climate Change? Global Warming and its effects onShow MoreRelatedThe Global Climate Change Debate Essay2025 Words   |  9 PagesThe Global Climate Change Debate – How do I know what to believe? Introduction: Climate change has been a topic of debate for decades. Scientists support climate change is happening with hard scientific evidence whereas the people who oppose climate change have evidence which is mainly opinion-based. This report will cover what climate change is, why climate change is happening, the science that supports climate change, the different views and opinions on climate change, the effects of climate changeRead MoreThe Debate Surrounding Global Climate Change Affects Millions Of People1727 Words   |  7 PagesThe debate surrounding global climate change affects millions of people. In fact, the rate at which our climate temperatures are changing due to greenhouse gas emissions is alarming. Carbon dioxide is the number one greenhouse gas emission that human beings so efficiently and effectively emit into the atmosphere. It s all around us, all the time. Scouring our air, and our lungs. According to the data in a study done by the E.P.A. in 2013, Carbon Dioxide accounte d for approximately 82 percent ofRead MoreGlobal Warming Controversy : The Debate Around The Climate Change, And Its Causes And / Or Effects2869 Words   |  12 PagesGlobal Warming Controversy Critically assess how the media have used the scientific evidence in the debate around the climate change, and its causes and/or effects Introduction Nowadays, the whole world are paying attention on the controversy about climate change and global warming. Hot topics include whether global warming is occurring, warming level in modern times, causes, effects and what that action should be taken (Science Daily). On one hand, there is a strong consensus that human and industriesRead More Climate Change: The Sciences, the Media, and Politics Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pagesand understanding of the world around us. These three spheres of information and action are invariably linked when discussing complex global issues like climate change. However, the presentation and resolution of disagreement within the three spheres is incredibly independent. The many ways that climate change, specifically the debate on the existence of climate change, is portrayed within these spheres can greatly affect public emotion, knowledge, and policy of such an issue. This is particularly evidentRead MoreCO2 is NOT Pollution Essay example1492 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding of our global climate, most scientists agree that human actions have had a warming effect on the global climate (IPCC, 2010). This idea of anthropogenic global climate change is the general consensus in the scientific community according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). These views were increasingly challenged, mostly by non-scientists, in late 2009 when servers owned by the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) were hacked. Emails between climate scientists and otherRead MoreEssay on Is Climate Change Natural or Man-Made?1160 Words   |  5 PagesName: Instructor: Curse: Date: Is Climate Change Natural or Man-made? Introduction The planet has been experiencing considerable climate change for the last several decades. There have been many explanations toward the main causes of the increased warming of the planet. On one hand are the environmentalists who believe that the major cause of this increased warming of the planet is the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere induced by human activities. On the other hand, the scientistsRead MoreWhat We Know About Climate Change By Kerry Emanuel1140 Words   |  5 Pagestemperature or change within the gases that which compose the atmosphere. What We Know About Climate Change by Kerry Emanuel aims to address this issue of Earth’s vulnerability head-on as it suggests the plausible causes for the undeniable planetary warming observed in the last century all the while proposing pragmatic solutions to discontinue the unnatural processes credited with the abnormal warming. Brimming with absorbing and educative statistics and facts, What We Know About Climate Change first choosesRead MoreThe Climatic Changes And Global Warming Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe climatic changes have been an issue of controversies around scientists, politicians, and people in general. Indeed, there are many aspects in which climatic changes and global warming step in, being sources of controversies and disagreements. In this opportunity, the discussion about climatic changes will be divided into two different aspects, the first one involves how scientists think about the main cause of climatic changes while analyzing the question â€Å"Are humans responsible for climaticRead MoreHuman Activity Is Responsible For Our Current Warming Trend1598 Words   |  7 PagesThe biggest problem with climate change today is the debate on whether or not human activity is responsible for our current warming trend. According to Jonathon Schuldt (2014:219), around 99.7% of climatologi sts agree that man-made climate change is a reality, while only 40% of Americans believe that humans are the main driver. This is because we live in societies in which, thanks largely to the internet, everyone is free to express an opinion. On the issue of climate change, we have tons of sitesRead MoreIs A Climate Fund Necessary?878 Words   |  4 Pages9. Fair or Foul: Should developed countries be obligated to â€Å"pay† for climate change in less developed countries? Is a climate fund necessary? Oscar Wilde once said, â€Å"We are each our own devil, and we make this world our hell† (Wilde 2015). In other worlds, we bring upon ourselves our own demons, and it is usually not until after the damage is done that when even notice how much damage has been done. Climate change is one of these demons we face, created by our own ambition and our own societal